Products used
| SKU# | PRODUCTS |
| STHC | Smart IoT Gateway - iConnector |
| WS433-M12F-ATH | Wireless Ambient Humidity Sensor |
| WS433-RL | Wireless Relays |
| WS433-AL | Wireless ambient light sensor |
| IOTPK-HYD | IoT SOLUTION PACKAGE FOR HYDROPONICS SYSTEM |
| WS433-O2 | Wireless Ambient Oxygen Sensor |
3.1. The Hydroponic Device Design for A. membranaceus Cultivation
In order to alleviate the problem of land use efficiency in A. membranaceus planting, this research designs an intelligent hydroponic device for its cultivation. In the hydroponic device, a camera is fixed at the bottom of the bracket for the interior watching of the hydroponic tank. The top of the front side of the hydroponic tank is fixedly installed with a water temperature and a water level meter for the monitor of its temperature and moisture insufficiency (Figure 1). The equipment can not only reduce the staff entry but can also discharge the moist air. It can solve the problem that the current A. membranaceus hydroponic device still needs the staff to enter the hydroponic greenhouse for water supplement and fertilization.
Solutions
Daviteq's intelligent hydroponic system, Smart Hydroponics, ensures optimal water conditions for hydroponic farming. In this system, an IoT gateway, iConnector, collects data from Sub-Ghz wireless sensors that measure environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, light, CO2, and water's pH, EC ) and transmits the data to the server to monitor intelligent hydroponic control system. Smart Hydroponics includes the following essential functions:
- Automatically collect hydroponic system parameters such as temperature, humidity, light, O2, CO2, water pH, water EC, and nutrient solutions.
- Display current values of the hydroponic system's ambient conditions, nutrient solution level, and control statuses on dashboards.
- Visualize and export historical graphs and analysis reports of hydroponic system environmental parameters during the selected period.
- Control the water pump, water supply valve, nutrient solution supplies, and CO2 volume based on collected sensors' data and plant growth stage.
3. Results
4. Discussion
The nutrients of plant growth come from the root absorption [12]. Field planting and indoor soil culture are common plant culture methods. At present, with the limited area of soil cultivated land in China, soilless cultivation is one of the effective ways to solve this problem [13]. The soilless cultivation technology through hydroponics, fog culture, and other ways has been widely used in vegetable and flower cultivation. The greater environmental and ecological awareness is growing the farmers who want to adopt sustainable and efficient cultivation systems [14]. Sustainable and modern cultivation systems contain cultivation devices and organic fertilization [10]. In modern agriculture, the hydroponic device is the growing process of the plant root cultivated in the nutrient-rich solutions, such as the official Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) for ARM Cortex-M microcontroller [15]. The hydroponic devices were used to produce “Biquinho” pepper with brackish water [16]. However, there are few reports on soilless cultivation of medicinal plants, such as Coptis chinensis Franch. [17]. A. membranaceus is a typical medicinal material in China. Due to the limitation of cultivated land area, developing soilless cultivation is a good way to develop plant factory production in the future [18].
In addition to the limited land use, the soil-borne disease of A. membranaceus is one of the main factors affecting its industrial development [19]. The soilless cultivation completely avoids this problem. But the frequent in and out of the equipment easily brings in foreign bacteria, which will affect the production of A. membranaceus. Moreover, the air is often humid in the hydroponic planting process, which further provides conditions for the reproduction of pathogens [6, 10]. This A. membranaceus hydroponic device can reduce these effects on its soilless production by external visual monitoring system. Astragaloside IV is the main active component in A. membranaceus that determines its quality [9, 20, 21]. In this study, the active ingredients of four-week hydroponic cultivated plants can reach 2 times more than those of a two-year-old field A. membranaceus. Moreover, astragaloside IV contents in Hohhot cultivation used in this study are representative. There is no difference in biomass between hydroponic and annual A. membranaceus, which greatly shortens its culture time and unaffected by the external environment. Meanwhile, hydroponics of A. membranaceus can realize its sustainable culture.
In conclusion, based on the soilless cultivation of A. membranaceus, the intelligent hydroponic device was designed to improve its cultivation efficiency and the content of active ingredients. Meanwhile, this method avoids soil-borne diseases. Soilless culture avoids continuous cropping obstacles in conventional cultivation [22]. Therefore, this study provides theoretical support for the soilless cultivation and the development of the A. membranaceus industry.
Authors’ Contributions
BZQ conceived the research and wrote the manuscript. CQY performed the experiments and data analysis and revised the manuscript. ZXJ gave the project support and the design guidance of the experiment.
2.3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Determination
Take 2.0 g of medicinal powder (passing through 100-mesh sieve) and accurately weigh it. Put it into a 150 ml Soxhlet extractor, add 40 ml methanol, soak it overnight (12 h), add 20 ml methanol, and heat and reflux at 85°C for 4 h. The solvent was recovered and concentrated to dryness. The residue was dissolved with 10 ml water and shaken with water-saturated n-butanol for 4 times, 40 ml each time. Wash thoroughly with ammonia test solution for 2 times, 40 ml each time. Discard ammonia solution, and evaporate with n-butanol solution. The residue was dissolved with 5 ml water and cooled down. The residue was washed off with 50 ml water and then eluted with 30 ml 40% ethanol. The eluent was continued to be eluted with 80 ml 70% ethanol. The eluate was collected and evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in methanol and transferred to 5 ml volumetric flask; add methanol to volume to the scale, shake well, filter with 0.45 μm microporous membrane, and set aside.
For the chromatographic column, Agilent Zorbax sb-c18 column () was used. The mobile phase was acetonitrile water (32 : 68); the flow rate was 1.0 ml·min-1; the column temperature was 27°C; the ELSD parameters are as follows: evaporator temperature: 112°C, nebulizer temperature: 85°C, gas flow rate: 1.5 SLM, data rate: 80 Hz, led intensity: 100%, smoothing: 50 (5.0 seconds), and PMT gain: 10.0; the theoretical number of astragaloside IV was not less than 4 μl, 10 μl, 20 μl, and 10 μl of the reference solution, and the test solution was, respectively, injected into the liquid chromatograph. The determination was carried out according to the above chromatographic conditions, and the HPLC liquid chromatograms were recorded.
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